Gioi thieu ve muc do uu tien cua tien trinh
Khi ban mo mot phan mem tren may tinh, he dieu hanh se phan bo thoi gian xu ly cua bo vi xu ly cho tung tien trinh. Moi tien trinh duoc gan mot muc do uu tien, quyet dinh luong tai nguyen CPU ma no nhan duoc so voi cac tien trinh khac. Neu mot chuong trinh chay cham hoac bi giat, co the do no khong duoc uu tien cao. Bai viet nay huong dan ban cach tang muc do uu tien cua mot tien trinh tren Windows de cai thien hieu suat, dong thoi canh bao nhung rui ro co the gap.
Muc do uu tien duoc phan cap tu thap nhat (Idle) den cao nhat (Real-time). He dieu hanh su dung thuat toan de quyet dinh tien trinh nao duoc xu ly truoc. Thong thuong, cac tien trinh nhu trinh duyet web hay phan mem van phong co muc uu tien binh thuong. Khi ban tang uu tien len cao hon, tien trinh do se duoc uu tien hon trong viec su dung CPU, giup no chay nhanh hon. Tuy nhien, viec lam dung co the gay mat on dinh cho he thong.
Phuong phap nhanh nhat: Gerenciador de Tarefas (Task Manager)
Cach don gian nhat de tang muc do uu tien cua mot tien trinh la thong qua Task Manager. Ban co the mo Task Manager bang cach nhan Ctrl + Shift + Esc tren ban phim. Sau do, chuyen den tab Details (Chi tiet). Tai day, ban se thay danh sach tat ca cac tien trinh dang chay, bao gom ca cac tien trinh he thong. Tim tien trinh .exe cua chuong trinh ban muon tang uu tien.
Nhan chuot phai vao tien trinh do, di chuyen den menu Set Priority (Dat muc uu tien) va chon mot trong cac cap do: Realtime (Thoi gian thuc), High (Cao), Above Normal (Tren trung binh), Normal (Trung binh), Below Normal (Duoi trung binh), hoac Low (Thap). Neu ban muon tang toc do, hay chon High hoac Above Normal. Canh bao quan trong: khong chon Realtime tru khi ban chac chan, vi no co the lam he thong bi treo hoac khong phan hoi do cac tien trinh khac khong duoc CPU cap phat.
Phuong phap nay nhanh va de thuc hien, phu hop voi nguoi dung pho thong. Tuy nhien, thay doi chi co hieu luc trong phien lam viec hien tai. Khi ban tat may hoac khoi dong lai chuong trinh, muc uu tien se tro ve mac dinh. Neu ban muon ap dung thuong xuyen, can dung cach tu dong hoa bang dong lenh.
Phuong phap qua tab Processes: Di chuyen den Details
Mot bien the khac la mo Task Manager, chuyen den tab Processes (Tien trinh). Tai day, cac tien trinh duoc nhom lai theo ung dung, de nhin hon. Nhan chuot phai vao chuong trinh ban muon, chon Go to details (Di den chi tiet). Task Manager se tu dong chuyen den tab Details va lam noi bat tien trinh tuong ung. Sau do, ban lap lai buoc nhu tren: nhan chuot phai, chon Set Priority va chon cap do mong muon.
Phuong phap nay huu ich khi ban khong biet chinh xac ten file .exe cua ung dung. Vi du, neu ban muon tang uu tien cho trinh duyet Chrome, ban chi can tim Chrome trong tab Processes, nhan Go to details, va Task Manager se dua ban den tien trinh chrome.exe. Cach nay giam thoi gian tim kiem va giam sai sot. Tuy nhien, no cung chi tam thoi thay doi muc uu tien nhu phuong phap truoc.
Su dung Process Explorer: Cong cu nang cao
Process Explorer la mot cong cu mien phi tu Microsoft, thuoc bo Sysinternals. No cung cap thong tin chi tiet hon Task Manager, bao gom ca do uu tien cua CPU va I/O. Ban co the tai ve tu trang web chinh thuc cua Microsoft. Sau khi tai va giai nen, chay file procexp.exe.
Trong giao dien Process Explorer, ban se thay danh sach tien trinh dang chay duoi dang cay thu muc. Nhan chuot phai vao tien trinh ban muon, chon Set Priority (Dat uu tien) va chon cap do tu menu. Ngoai ra, ban con co the xem cot Priority (Uu tien) de biet muc do hien tai cua moi tien trinh. Process Explorer cho phep ban thay doi uu tien cua nhieu tien trinh cung luc va theo doi hieu suat chi tiet.
Cong cu nay dac biet huu ich cho nguoi dung nang cao hoac quan tri vien he thong. No cho phep ban quan ly tien trinh mot cach linh hoat hon, vi du nhu thay doi uu tien I/O (Input/Output) de cai thien toc do doc ghi o dia cung. Tuy nhien, viec su dung Process Explorer doi hoi kien thuc co ban ve he dieu hanh. Ban can than trong khi thay doi uu tien cua cac tien trinh he thong, vi co the gay ra loi.
Tu dong hoa bang Prompt de Command
Neu ban muon tu dong dat muc uu tien moi khi chay mot chuong trinh, ban co the su dung dong lenh start trong Command Prompt. Mo Command Prompt voi quyen Administrator (nhan Windows + X, chon Terminal (Admin) hoac Command Prompt (Admin)). Sau do, nhap lenh theo cu phap sau:
start /high "C:\Path\To\Program.exe"
Trong do, /high la tham so dat muc uu tien High. Ban co the thay bang /realtime, /abovenormal, /belownormal, hoac /low. Duong dan den file .exe can duoc dat trong dau ngoac kep neu co khoang trang. Vi du: start /high "C:\Program Files\Google\Chrome\Application\chrome.exe"
Phuong phap nay huu ich khi ban thuong xuyen can chay mot ung dung voi uu tien cao. Ban co the tao mot file batch (.bat) hoac shortcut de kich hoat nhanh. Tuy nhien, luu y rang khong phai moi ung dung deu ho tro uu tien cao. Mot so chuong trinh co the bi loi hoac khong nhan duoc thay doi. Ngoai ra, Realtime co the gay mat on dinh, vi vay chi su dung khi thuc su can thiet.
Bang so sanh cac phuong phap
| Phuong phap | Do kho | Thoi gian thay doi | Pham vi ap dung |
|---|---|---|---|
| Task Manager - tab Details | De | Tam thoi | Tung tien trinh |
| Task Manager - tab Processes | De | Tam thoi | Tung tien trinh |
| Process Explorer | Trung binh | Tam thoi | Tung tien trinh, nhieu tien trinh |
| Command Prompt (start) | Trung binh | Vinh vien (khi chay lenh) | Chuong trinh moi |
Bang tren cho thay moi phuong phap co uu va nhuoc diem rieng. Task Manager phu hop voi nguoi dung can thay doi nhanh. Process Explorer phu hop voi nguoi dung nang cao. Command Prompt phu hop voi viec tu dong hoa. Lua chon phu thuoc vao nhu cau cu the cua ban.
Danh sach cac muc uu tien va tac dong
- Realtime (Thoi gian thuc): Uu tien cao nhat, CPU dan gan nhu toan bo thoi gian cho tien trinh nay. Co the gay treo he thong neu su dung sai.
- High (Cao): Uu tien cao, thuong dung cho cac ung dung can toc do, nhu phan mem chinh sua video hoac tro choi.
- Above Normal (Tren trung binh): Cao hon binh thuong mot chut, phu hop cho ung dung ban muon uu tien nhe.
- Normal (Trung binh): Mac dinh cho hau het cac tien trinh.
- Below Normal (Duoi trung binh): Thap hon binh thuong, dung cho cac tien trinh khong quan trong.
- Low (Thap): Uu tien thap nhat, CPU chi xu ly khi ranh ranh.
Viec chon dung muc uu tien rat quan trong. Neu ban dat Realtime cho mot ung dung thuong, he thong co the bi cham hoac treo. Nguoc lai, dat Low cho ung dung can toc do se khong hieu qua. Do do, ban nen bat dau tu Above Normal hoac High, va quan sat hieu suat truoc khi thay doi tiep.
Canh bao quan trong khi tang uu tien
Tang muc do uu tien cua mot tien trinh co the cai thien hieu suat, nhung cung tien an nhieu rui ro. Neu ban dat uu tien qua cao, dac biet la Realtime, tien trinh do se chiem phan lon thoi gian CPU. Dieu nay co the lam cac tien trinh khac, bao gom he dieu hanh, khong duoc xu ly. Ket qua la may tinh co bi treo, chuot khong di chuyen duoc, hoac phai khoi dong lai.
Mot van de khac la mot so tien trinh he thong, nhu Windows Update hay antivirus co the bi anh huong. Vi du, neu ban tang uu tien cho mot trinh duyet, cac tien trinh he thong co the bi tre, gay ra loi hoac mat du lieu. Vi vay, ban chi nen tang uu tien khi thuc su can thiet, va luon giu o muc High thay vi Realtime. Ngoai ra, hay nho rang thay doi nay chi co hieu luc trong phien lam viec, tru khi ban dung dong lenh hoac cong cu nang cao de dat mac dinh.
Tai lieu tham khao
Thong tin trong bai viet duoc tong hop tu cac nguon chinh thuc. Microsoft Learn cung cap tai lieu ve co che uu tien va cach su dung Task Manager. Cong cu Process Explorer duoc gioi thieu tren trang Sysinternals cua Microsoft. Dong lenh start duoc mo ta trong tai lieu Windows Server. Ban co the tham khao them de hieu sau hon.
Nguon: Microsoft Learn - Prioridades de agendamento. Xem them. TopGadget - Como executar programas com prioridade mais alta. Xem them. Microsoft - Process Explorer. Tai ve. Microsoft - Start command reference. Xem them.
